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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Poland: Economy
</title>
<article><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Poland
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: Poland is undergoing a difficult transition from a
Soviet-style economy - with state ownership and control of
productive assets - to a market economy. On January 1, 1990,
the new Solidarity-led government implemented shock therapy by
slashing subsidies, decontrolling prices, tightening the money
supply, stabilizing the foreign exchange rate, lowering import
barriers, and restraining state sector wages. As a result,
consumer goods shortages and lines disappeared, and inflation
fell from 640% in 1989 to 44% in 1992. Western governments,
which hold two-thirds of Poland's $48 billion external debt,
pledged in 1991 to forgive half of Poland's official debt by
1994. The private sector accounted for 29% of industrial
production and nearly half of nonagricultural output in 1992.
Production fell in state enterprises, however, and the
unemployment rate climbed steadily from virtually nothing in
1989 to 13.6% in December 1992. Poland fell out of compliance
with its IMF program by mid-1991, and talks with commercial
creditors stalled. The increase in unemployment and the decline
in living standards led to strikes in the coal, auto, copper,
and railway sectors in 1992. Large state enterprises in the
coal, steel, and defense sectors plan to halve employment over
the next decade, and the government expects unemployment to reach
3 million (16%) in 1993. A shortfall in tax revenues caused the
budget deficit to reach 6% of GDP in 1992, but industrial
production began a slow, uneven upturn. In 1993, the government
will struggle to win legislative approval for faster
privatization and to keep the budget deficit within IMF-approved
limits.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $167.6
billion (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: 2% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $4,400 (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 44% (1992)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 13.6% (December 1992)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $17.5 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion,
including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1992 est.)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: machinery 22%, metals 16%, chemicals 12%, fuels
and power 11%, food 10% (1991)</l>
<l> partners: Germany 28.0%, former USSR 11.7%, UK 8.8%,
Switzerland 5.5% (1991)</l>
<l>Imports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: machinery 38%, fuels and power 20%, chemicals
13%, food 10%, light industry 6% (1991)</l>
<l> partners: Germany 17.4%, former USSR 25.6%, Italy 5.3%,
Austria 5.2% (1991)</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $48.5 billion (January 1992); note - Poland's
Western government creditors promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of
Warsaw's official debt - currently $33 billion - immediately and
to forgive another 20% in 1994, if Poland adheres to its IMF
program
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1992)
</p>
<p>Electricity: 31,530,000 kW capacity; 137,000 million kWh
produced, 3,570 kWh per capita (1992)
</p>
<p>Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive
industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass,
beverages, textiles
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 27% of labor force;
75% of output from private farms, 25% from state farms;
productivity remains low by European standards; leading European
producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other
crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally
self-sufficient in food
</p>
<p>Illicit drugs: illicit producers of opium for domestic
consumption and amphetamines for the international market;
emerging as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western
Europe
</p>
<p>Economic aid: donor - bilateral aid to non-Communist less
developed countries, $2.2 billion (1954-89); the G-24 has
pledged $8 billion in grants and credit guarantees to Poland
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 zloty (Zl)=100 groszy
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 15,879 (January 1993),
13,626 (1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989),
430.55 (1988)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: calendar year
</p></body></article></text>